Lumbar Lateral Intersomatic Arthrodesis. Surgical Technique and Current Concepts.
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Published:
Nov 13, 2018
Keywords:
Interbody fusion, Anterior approach, XLIF, LLIF, Lateral lumbar approach, Current concepts.
Main Article Content
Abstract
The minimally invasive lateral approach for lumbar interbody fusion is a relatively new technique and has shown promising results in patients with different spine disorders .It is a safe technique, provides adequate structural support between the vertebral plates, can correct coronal and sagital plane deformity and apply an indirect nerv decompression avoiding the posterior elements.In recent years the experience on this approach has increased, new indications and medium and long term results being reported.The purpose of this work is to detail the surgical procedure step by step and its variants as we perform in our centers, and to point out the current concepts based on a bibliographic review.
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Pereira Duarte, M., Petracchi, M. G., Mereles, M. E., Gruenberg, M., Solá, C. A., & Girardi, F. P. (2018). Lumbar Lateral Intersomatic Arthrodesis. Surgical Technique and Current Concepts. Revista De La Asociación Argentina De Ortopedia Y Traumatología, 83(4), 303-316. https://doi.org/10.15417/issn.1852-7434.2018.83.4.754
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Review article
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References
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2. Geisler FH, Blumenthal SL, Guyer RD, McAfee PC, Regan JJ, Johnson JP, et al. Neurological complications of lumbar artificial disc replacement and comparison of clinical results with those related to lumbar arthrodesis in the literature: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized investigational device exemption study of Charite intervertebral disc. Invited submission from the Joint Section Meeting on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves, March 2004. J Neurosurg Spine 2004;1:143-54.
doi: 10.3171/spi.2004.1.2.0143
3. Pawar A, Hughes A, Girardi F, Sama A, Lebl D, Cammisa F. Lateral lumbar interbody fusion. Asian Spine J 2015;9(6):978-83. doi: 10.4184/asj.2015.9.6.978
4. Quinn JC, Fruauff K, Lebl DR, Giambrone A, Cammisa FP, Gupta A, et al. Magnetic resonance neurography of the lumbar plexus at the L4-L5 disc: development of a preoperative surgical planning tool for lateral lumbar transpsoas interbody fusion (LLIF). Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2015;40(12):942-7. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000899
5. Bertagnoli R, Vazquez RJ. The Anterolateral TransPsoatic Approach (ALPA): a new technique for implanting prosthetic disc-nucleus devices. J Spinal Disord Tech 2003;16(4):398-404. https://bit.ly/2Rf6Oc0
6. Berjano P, Gautschi OP, Schils F, Tessitore E. Extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF®): how I do it. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2015;157(3):547-51. doi: 10.1007/s00701-014-2248-9
7. Cappuccino A, Cornwall GB, Turner AW, Fogel GR, Duong HT, Kim KD, et al. Biomechanical analysis and review of lateral lumbar fusion constructs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35(26 Suppl):S361-7.
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318202308b
8. Costanzo G, Zoccali C, Maykowski P, Walter CM, Skoch J, Baaj AA. The role of minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion in sagittal balance correction and spinal deformity. Eur Spine J 2014;23(Suppl 6):699-704. doi: 10.1007/s00586-014-3561-y
9. Pumberger M, Hughes AP, Huang RR, Sama AA, Cammisa FP, Girardi FP. Neurologic deficit following lateral lumbar interbody fusion. Eur Spine J 2012;21:1192-9. doi: 10.1007/s00586-011-2087-9
10. Oliveira L, Marchi L, Coutinho E, Pimenta L. A radiographic assessment of the ability of the extreme lateral interbody fusion procedure to indirectly decompress the neural elements. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35(26 Suppl):S331-7. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182022db0
11. Mundis GM, Akbarnia BA, Phillips FM. Adult deformity correction through minimally invasive lateral approach techniques. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35(26 Suppl):S312-21.
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318202495f
12. Kepler CK, Sharma AK, Huang RC, Meredith DS, Girardi FP, Cammisa FP Jr, et al. Indirect foraminal decompression after lateral transpsoas interbody fusion. J Neurosurg Spine 2012;16(4):329-33. doi: 10.3171/2012.1.SPINE11528
13. Petracchi M, Camino Willhuber G, Tripodi M, Bassani J, Gruenberg M, Sola C. Monosegmental combined anterior posterior instrumentation for the treatment of a severe lumbar tuberculous spondylodiscitis: case report and literature review. Rev Bras Ortop 2016; doi: 10.1016/j.rboe.2016.12.010
14. Acosta FL, Liu J, Slimack N, Moller D, Fessler R, Koski T. Changes in coronal and sagittal plane alignment following minimally invasive direct lateral interbody fusion for the treatment of degenerative lumbar disease in adults: a radiographic study. J Neurosurg Spine 2011;15:92-6. doi: 10.3171/2011.3.SPINE10425
15. Sun JC, Wang JR, Luo T, Jin XN, Ma R, Luo BE, et al. Surgical incision and approach in thoracolumbar extreme lateral interbody fusion surgery: an anatomic study of the diaphragmatic attachments. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016;41(4):E186-90. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001183
16. Karikari IO, Nimjee SM, Hardin CA, Hughes BD, Hodges TR, Mehta AI, et al. Extreme lateral interbody fusion approach for isolated thoracic and thoracolumbar spine diseases: initial clinical experience and early outcomes. J Spinal Disord Tech 2011;24(6):368-75. doi: 10.1097/BSD.0b013e3181ffefd2
17. Meredith DS, Kepler CK, Huang RC, Hegde VV. Extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) in the thoracic and thoracolumbar spine: technical report and early outcomes. HSS J 2013;9(1):25-31. doi: 10.1007/s11420-012-9312-x
18. Laws CJ, Coughlin DG, Lotz JC, Serhan HA, Hu SS. Direct lateral approach to lumbar fusion is a biomechanically equivalent alternative to the anterior approach: an in vitro study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012;37(10):819-25. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31823551aa
19. Guerin P, Obeid I, Bourghli A, Masquefa T, Luc S, Gille O, et al. The lumbosacral plexus: anatomic considerations for minimally inva- sive retroperitoneal transpsoas approach. Surg Radiol Anat 2012;34(2):151-7. doi: 10.1007/s00276-011-0881-z
20. Kepler CK, Bogner EA, Herzog RJ, Huang RC. Anatomy of the psoas muscle and lumbar plexus with respect to the surgical approach for lateral transpsoas interbody fusion. Eur Spine J 2011;20(4):550-6. doi: 10.1007/s00586-010-1593-5
21. Malham GM, Ellis NJ, Parker RM, Blecher CM, White R, Goss B, Seex KA. Maintenance of segmental lordosis and disc height in stand-alone and instrumented extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF). Clin Spine Surg 2017;30(2):E90-E98. doi: 10.1097/BSD.0b013e3182aa4c94
22. Kotwal S, Kawaguchi S, Lebl D, Hughes A, Huang R, Sama A, et al. Minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion: clinical and radiographic outcome at a minimum 2-year follow-up. J Spinal Disord Tech 2015;28(4):119-25. doi: 10.1097/BSD.0b013e3182706ce7
23. Isaacs RE, Hyde J, Goodrich JA, Rodgers WB, Phillips FM. A prospective, nonrandomized, multicenter evaluation of extreme lateral interbody fusion for the treatment of adult degenerative scoliosis: perioperative outcomes and complications. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35(26 Suppl):S322-30.
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182022e04
24. Rodgers WB, Gerber EJ, Patterson J. Intraoperative and early postoperative complications in extreme lateral interbody fusion: an analysis of 600 cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011;36(1):26-32. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181e1040a
25. Lykissas MG, Aichmair A, Hughes AP, Sama AA, Lebl DR, Taher F, et al. Nerve injury after lateral lumbar interbody fusion: a review of 919 treated levels with identification of risk factors. Spine J 2014;14(5):749-58. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.06.066
26. Uribe JS, Isaacs RE, Youssef JA, Khajavi K, Balzer JR, Kanter AS, et al. Can triggered electromyography monitoring throughout retraction predict postoperative symptomatic neuropraxia after XLIF? Results from a prospective multicenter trial. Eur Spine J 2015;24 (Suppl 3): 378-85. doi: 10.1007/s00586-015-3871-8
27. Deukmedjian AR, Dakwar E, Ahmadian A, Smith DA, Uribe JS. Early outcomes of minimally invasive anterior longitudinal ligament release for correction of sagittal imbalance in patients with adult spinal deformity. Scientific World Journal 2012;2012: 789698. doi: 10.1100/2012/789698
28. Cummock MD, Vanni S, Levi AD, Yu Y, Wang MY. An analysis of postoperative thigh symptoms after minimally invasive transpsoas lumbar interbody fusion. J Neurosurg Spine 2011;15:11-8.
doi: 10.3171/2011.2.SPINE10374
29. Taher F, Hughes AP, Sama AA, Zeldin R, Schneider R, Holodny EI, et al. 2013 Young Investigator Award winner: How safe is lateral lumbar interbody fusion for the surgeon? A prospective in vivo radiation exposure study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(16):1386-92. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31828705ad
30. Sharma AK, Kepler CK, Girardi FP, Cammisa FP, Huang RC, Sama AA. Lateral lumbar interbody fusion: clinical and radiographic outcomes at 1 year: a preliminary report. J Spinal Disord Tech 2011;24(4):242-50. doi: 10.1097/BSD.0b013e3181ecf995
31. Youssef JA, McAfee PC, Patty CA, Raley E, DeBauche S, Shucosky E, et al. Minimally invasive surgery: lateral approach interbody fusion: results and review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35(26 Suppl):S302-11. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182023438
32. Dakwar E, Cardona RF, Smith DA, Uribe JS. Early outcomes and safety of the minimally invasive, lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach for adult degenerative scoliosis. Neurosurg Focus 2010;28(3):E8. doi: 10.3171/2010.1.FOCUS09282
33. Tormenti MJ, Maserati MB, Bonfield CM, Okonkwo DO, Kanter AS. Complications and radiographic correction in adult scoliosis following combined transpsoas extreme lateral interbody fusion and posterior pedicle screw instrumentation. Neurosurg Focus 2010;28(3):E7. doi: 10.3171/2010.1.FOCUS09263
34. Fontes RB, Traynelis VC. Transpsoas approach and complications. J Neurosurg Spine 2011;15(1):9-10; author reply p. 10. doi: 10.3171/2010.12.SPINE10741
35. Ahmadian A, Deukmedjian AR, Abel N, Dakwar E, Uribe JS. Analysis of lumbar plexopathies and nerve injury after lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach: diagnostic standardization. J Neurosurg Spine 2013;18(3):289-97. doi: 10.3171/2012.11.SPINE12755
36. Moller DJ, Slimack NP, Acosta FL Jr, Koski TR, Fessler RG, Liu JC. Minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion and transpsoas approach-related morbidity. Neurosurg Focus 2011;31(4):E4. doi: 10.3171/2011.7.FOCUS11137
37. Spivak JM, Paulino CB, Patel A, Shanti N, Pathare N. Safe zone for retractor placement to the lumbar spine via the transpsoas approach. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2013;21(1):77-81.
doi: 10.1177/230949901302100120
38. Dakwar E, Le TV, Baaj AA, Smith WD, Akbarnia BA, Uribe JS. Abdominal wall paresis as a complication of minimally invasive lateral transpsoas interbody fusion. Neurosurg Focus 2011;31(4):E18.
doi: 10.3171/2011.7.FOCUS11164
39. Karikari IO, Grossi PM, Nimjee SM, Hardin C, Hodges TR, Hughes BD, et al. Minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion in patients older than 70 years of age: analysis of peri- and postoperative complications. Neurosurgery 2011;68(4):897-902. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182098bfa
40. Dua K, Kepler CK, Huang RC, Marchenko A. Vertebral body fracture after anterolateral instrumentation and interbody fusion in two osteoporotic patients. Spine J 2010;10(9):e11-5.
doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2010.07.007
41. Brier-Jones JE, Palmer DK, Inceoglu S, Cheng WK. Vertebral body fractures after transpsoas interbody fusion procedures. Spine J 2011;11(11):1068-72. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2011.07.020
42. Essig DA, Cho W, Hughes AP, Huang RC, Sama AA, Girardi FP, Cammisa FP Jr. Risk factors for implant subsidence after stand-alone lateral interbody fusión. Spine J 2014;14(11 Suppl):S114. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2014.08.284
43. Rodgers WB, Cox CS, Gerber EJ. Early complications of extreme lateral interbody fusion in the obese. J Spinal Disord Tech 2010;23(6):393-7. doi:10.1097/BSD.0b013e3181b31729
2. Geisler FH, Blumenthal SL, Guyer RD, McAfee PC, Regan JJ, Johnson JP, et al. Neurological complications of lumbar artificial disc replacement and comparison of clinical results with those related to lumbar arthrodesis in the literature: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized investigational device exemption study of Charite intervertebral disc. Invited submission from the Joint Section Meeting on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves, March 2004. J Neurosurg Spine 2004;1:143-54.
doi: 10.3171/spi.2004.1.2.0143
3. Pawar A, Hughes A, Girardi F, Sama A, Lebl D, Cammisa F. Lateral lumbar interbody fusion. Asian Spine J 2015;9(6):978-83. doi: 10.4184/asj.2015.9.6.978
4. Quinn JC, Fruauff K, Lebl DR, Giambrone A, Cammisa FP, Gupta A, et al. Magnetic resonance neurography of the lumbar plexus at the L4-L5 disc: development of a preoperative surgical planning tool for lateral lumbar transpsoas interbody fusion (LLIF). Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2015;40(12):942-7. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000899
5. Bertagnoli R, Vazquez RJ. The Anterolateral TransPsoatic Approach (ALPA): a new technique for implanting prosthetic disc-nucleus devices. J Spinal Disord Tech 2003;16(4):398-404. https://bit.ly/2Rf6Oc0
6. Berjano P, Gautschi OP, Schils F, Tessitore E. Extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF®): how I do it. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2015;157(3):547-51. doi: 10.1007/s00701-014-2248-9
7. Cappuccino A, Cornwall GB, Turner AW, Fogel GR, Duong HT, Kim KD, et al. Biomechanical analysis and review of lateral lumbar fusion constructs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35(26 Suppl):S361-7.
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318202308b
8. Costanzo G, Zoccali C, Maykowski P, Walter CM, Skoch J, Baaj AA. The role of minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion in sagittal balance correction and spinal deformity. Eur Spine J 2014;23(Suppl 6):699-704. doi: 10.1007/s00586-014-3561-y
9. Pumberger M, Hughes AP, Huang RR, Sama AA, Cammisa FP, Girardi FP. Neurologic deficit following lateral lumbar interbody fusion. Eur Spine J 2012;21:1192-9. doi: 10.1007/s00586-011-2087-9
10. Oliveira L, Marchi L, Coutinho E, Pimenta L. A radiographic assessment of the ability of the extreme lateral interbody fusion procedure to indirectly decompress the neural elements. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35(26 Suppl):S331-7. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182022db0
11. Mundis GM, Akbarnia BA, Phillips FM. Adult deformity correction through minimally invasive lateral approach techniques. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35(26 Suppl):S312-21.
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318202495f
12. Kepler CK, Sharma AK, Huang RC, Meredith DS, Girardi FP, Cammisa FP Jr, et al. Indirect foraminal decompression after lateral transpsoas interbody fusion. J Neurosurg Spine 2012;16(4):329-33. doi: 10.3171/2012.1.SPINE11528
13. Petracchi M, Camino Willhuber G, Tripodi M, Bassani J, Gruenberg M, Sola C. Monosegmental combined anterior posterior instrumentation for the treatment of a severe lumbar tuberculous spondylodiscitis: case report and literature review. Rev Bras Ortop 2016; doi: 10.1016/j.rboe.2016.12.010
14. Acosta FL, Liu J, Slimack N, Moller D, Fessler R, Koski T. Changes in coronal and sagittal plane alignment following minimally invasive direct lateral interbody fusion for the treatment of degenerative lumbar disease in adults: a radiographic study. J Neurosurg Spine 2011;15:92-6. doi: 10.3171/2011.3.SPINE10425
15. Sun JC, Wang JR, Luo T, Jin XN, Ma R, Luo BE, et al. Surgical incision and approach in thoracolumbar extreme lateral interbody fusion surgery: an anatomic study of the diaphragmatic attachments. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016;41(4):E186-90. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001183
16. Karikari IO, Nimjee SM, Hardin CA, Hughes BD, Hodges TR, Mehta AI, et al. Extreme lateral interbody fusion approach for isolated thoracic and thoracolumbar spine diseases: initial clinical experience and early outcomes. J Spinal Disord Tech 2011;24(6):368-75. doi: 10.1097/BSD.0b013e3181ffefd2
17. Meredith DS, Kepler CK, Huang RC, Hegde VV. Extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) in the thoracic and thoracolumbar spine: technical report and early outcomes. HSS J 2013;9(1):25-31. doi: 10.1007/s11420-012-9312-x
18. Laws CJ, Coughlin DG, Lotz JC, Serhan HA, Hu SS. Direct lateral approach to lumbar fusion is a biomechanically equivalent alternative to the anterior approach: an in vitro study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012;37(10):819-25. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31823551aa
19. Guerin P, Obeid I, Bourghli A, Masquefa T, Luc S, Gille O, et al. The lumbosacral plexus: anatomic considerations for minimally inva- sive retroperitoneal transpsoas approach. Surg Radiol Anat 2012;34(2):151-7. doi: 10.1007/s00276-011-0881-z
20. Kepler CK, Bogner EA, Herzog RJ, Huang RC. Anatomy of the psoas muscle and lumbar plexus with respect to the surgical approach for lateral transpsoas interbody fusion. Eur Spine J 2011;20(4):550-6. doi: 10.1007/s00586-010-1593-5
21. Malham GM, Ellis NJ, Parker RM, Blecher CM, White R, Goss B, Seex KA. Maintenance of segmental lordosis and disc height in stand-alone and instrumented extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF). Clin Spine Surg 2017;30(2):E90-E98. doi: 10.1097/BSD.0b013e3182aa4c94
22. Kotwal S, Kawaguchi S, Lebl D, Hughes A, Huang R, Sama A, et al. Minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion: clinical and radiographic outcome at a minimum 2-year follow-up. J Spinal Disord Tech 2015;28(4):119-25. doi: 10.1097/BSD.0b013e3182706ce7
23. Isaacs RE, Hyde J, Goodrich JA, Rodgers WB, Phillips FM. A prospective, nonrandomized, multicenter evaluation of extreme lateral interbody fusion for the treatment of adult degenerative scoliosis: perioperative outcomes and complications. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35(26 Suppl):S322-30.
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182022e04
24. Rodgers WB, Gerber EJ, Patterson J. Intraoperative and early postoperative complications in extreme lateral interbody fusion: an analysis of 600 cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011;36(1):26-32. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181e1040a
25. Lykissas MG, Aichmair A, Hughes AP, Sama AA, Lebl DR, Taher F, et al. Nerve injury after lateral lumbar interbody fusion: a review of 919 treated levels with identification of risk factors. Spine J 2014;14(5):749-58. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.06.066
26. Uribe JS, Isaacs RE, Youssef JA, Khajavi K, Balzer JR, Kanter AS, et al. Can triggered electromyography monitoring throughout retraction predict postoperative symptomatic neuropraxia after XLIF? Results from a prospective multicenter trial. Eur Spine J 2015;24 (Suppl 3): 378-85. doi: 10.1007/s00586-015-3871-8
27. Deukmedjian AR, Dakwar E, Ahmadian A, Smith DA, Uribe JS. Early outcomes of minimally invasive anterior longitudinal ligament release for correction of sagittal imbalance in patients with adult spinal deformity. Scientific World Journal 2012;2012: 789698. doi: 10.1100/2012/789698
28. Cummock MD, Vanni S, Levi AD, Yu Y, Wang MY. An analysis of postoperative thigh symptoms after minimally invasive transpsoas lumbar interbody fusion. J Neurosurg Spine 2011;15:11-8.
doi: 10.3171/2011.2.SPINE10374
29. Taher F, Hughes AP, Sama AA, Zeldin R, Schneider R, Holodny EI, et al. 2013 Young Investigator Award winner: How safe is lateral lumbar interbody fusion for the surgeon? A prospective in vivo radiation exposure study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(16):1386-92. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31828705ad
30. Sharma AK, Kepler CK, Girardi FP, Cammisa FP, Huang RC, Sama AA. Lateral lumbar interbody fusion: clinical and radiographic outcomes at 1 year: a preliminary report. J Spinal Disord Tech 2011;24(4):242-50. doi: 10.1097/BSD.0b013e3181ecf995
31. Youssef JA, McAfee PC, Patty CA, Raley E, DeBauche S, Shucosky E, et al. Minimally invasive surgery: lateral approach interbody fusion: results and review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35(26 Suppl):S302-11. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182023438
32. Dakwar E, Cardona RF, Smith DA, Uribe JS. Early outcomes and safety of the minimally invasive, lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach for adult degenerative scoliosis. Neurosurg Focus 2010;28(3):E8. doi: 10.3171/2010.1.FOCUS09282
33. Tormenti MJ, Maserati MB, Bonfield CM, Okonkwo DO, Kanter AS. Complications and radiographic correction in adult scoliosis following combined transpsoas extreme lateral interbody fusion and posterior pedicle screw instrumentation. Neurosurg Focus 2010;28(3):E7. doi: 10.3171/2010.1.FOCUS09263
34. Fontes RB, Traynelis VC. Transpsoas approach and complications. J Neurosurg Spine 2011;15(1):9-10; author reply p. 10. doi: 10.3171/2010.12.SPINE10741
35. Ahmadian A, Deukmedjian AR, Abel N, Dakwar E, Uribe JS. Analysis of lumbar plexopathies and nerve injury after lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach: diagnostic standardization. J Neurosurg Spine 2013;18(3):289-97. doi: 10.3171/2012.11.SPINE12755
36. Moller DJ, Slimack NP, Acosta FL Jr, Koski TR, Fessler RG, Liu JC. Minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion and transpsoas approach-related morbidity. Neurosurg Focus 2011;31(4):E4. doi: 10.3171/2011.7.FOCUS11137
37. Spivak JM, Paulino CB, Patel A, Shanti N, Pathare N. Safe zone for retractor placement to the lumbar spine via the transpsoas approach. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2013;21(1):77-81.
doi: 10.1177/230949901302100120
38. Dakwar E, Le TV, Baaj AA, Smith WD, Akbarnia BA, Uribe JS. Abdominal wall paresis as a complication of minimally invasive lateral transpsoas interbody fusion. Neurosurg Focus 2011;31(4):E18.
doi: 10.3171/2011.7.FOCUS11164
39. Karikari IO, Grossi PM, Nimjee SM, Hardin C, Hodges TR, Hughes BD, et al. Minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion in patients older than 70 years of age: analysis of peri- and postoperative complications. Neurosurgery 2011;68(4):897-902. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182098bfa
40. Dua K, Kepler CK, Huang RC, Marchenko A. Vertebral body fracture after anterolateral instrumentation and interbody fusion in two osteoporotic patients. Spine J 2010;10(9):e11-5.
doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2010.07.007
41. Brier-Jones JE, Palmer DK, Inceoglu S, Cheng WK. Vertebral body fractures after transpsoas interbody fusion procedures. Spine J 2011;11(11):1068-72. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2011.07.020
42. Essig DA, Cho W, Hughes AP, Huang RC, Sama AA, Girardi FP, Cammisa FP Jr. Risk factors for implant subsidence after stand-alone lateral interbody fusión. Spine J 2014;14(11 Suppl):S114. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2014.08.284
43. Rodgers WB, Cox CS, Gerber EJ. Early complications of extreme lateral interbody fusion in the obese. J Spinal Disord Tech 2010;23(6):393-7. doi:10.1097/BSD.0b013e3181b31729