Biomechanical Parameters of Foot Function Measured in the Office of a Specialist in Orthopedics and Traumatology
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Published:
Dec 31, 2022
Keywords:
Force, center of force, biomechanics, gait analysis, force trajectory, ground reaction force
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Dynamic studies of foot function are usually carried out in highly complex gait analysis laboratories. The objective of this study was to analyze functional parameters using a force platform in a series of asymptomatic patients evaluated in an outpatient clinic.
Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study, which included a consecutive series of volunteer asymptomatic patients who underwent a force platform measurement (TekScanMatScan®, Boston, MA, USA) between 2014 and 2020, in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Results: 316 records were included, corresponding to 158 individuals with bilateral measurements.Most were women (66.5%), with a mean age of 47 years (SD 16.1). Fourteen variables were evaluated, corresponding to parameters of force, trajectory, and contact time. The total contact time was 0.79 seconds (SD 0.09), and the COF time according to the region of the foot was 20% in the heel, 26% in the midfoot, and 46% in the forefoot. The CPEI (Center of Pressure Excursion Index) value was 16.55% (SD 7.14).
Conclusion: Foot functional parameters in asymptomatic patients are presented. The contact time of the foot on the ground, the force in the heel, midfoot, and forefoot, and the force trajectory were measured. No ionizing radiation was used. These findings could be used as reference values to detect pathological gaits.
Level of Evidence: II
Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study, which included a consecutive series of volunteer asymptomatic patients who underwent a force platform measurement (TekScanMatScan®, Boston, MA, USA) between 2014 and 2020, in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Results: 316 records were included, corresponding to 158 individuals with bilateral measurements.Most were women (66.5%), with a mean age of 47 years (SD 16.1). Fourteen variables were evaluated, corresponding to parameters of force, trajectory, and contact time. The total contact time was 0.79 seconds (SD 0.09), and the COF time according to the region of the foot was 20% in the heel, 26% in the midfoot, and 46% in the forefoot. The CPEI (Center of Pressure Excursion Index) value was 16.55% (SD 7.14).
Conclusion: Foot functional parameters in asymptomatic patients are presented. The contact time of the foot on the ground, the force in the heel, midfoot, and forefoot, and the force trajectory were measured. No ionizing radiation was used. These findings could be used as reference values to detect pathological gaits.
Level of Evidence: II
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How to Cite
Castellini, J. (2022). Biomechanical Parameters of Foot Function Measured in the Office of a Specialist in Orthopedics and Traumatology. Revista De La Asociación Argentina De Ortopedia Y Traumatología, 87(6), 756-764. https://doi.org/10.15417/issn.1852-7434.2022.87.6.1557
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Clinical Research
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21. Venkadesan M, Yawar A, Eng CM, Dias MA, Singh DK, Tommasini SM, et al. Stiffness of the human foot and
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22. Welte L, Kelly LA, Lichtwark GA, Rainbow MJ. Influence of the windlass mechanism on arch-spring mechanics
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https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0270
23. Winter DA. Knee flexion during stance as a determinant of inefficient walking. Phys Ther 1983;63(3):331-3.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/63.3.331
24. Winter DA, Patla AE, Frank JS, Walt SE. Biomechanical walking pattern changes in the fit and healthy elderly. Phys Ther 1990;70(6):340-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/70.6.340
25. Hessert MJ, Vyas M, Leach J, Hu K, Lipsitz LA, Novak V. Foot pressure distribution during walking in young and
old adults. BMC Geriatr 2005;5:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-5-8
2. Menz HB. Alternative techniques for the clinical assessment of foot pronation. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc
1998;88(3):119-29. https://doi.org/10.7547/87507315-88-3-119
3. Galica AM, Hagedorn TJ, Dufour AB, Riskowski JL, Hillstrom HJ, Casey VA, et al. Hallux valgus and plantar
pressure loading: the Framingham foot study. J Foot Ankle Res 2013;6(1):42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-6-42
4. Hillstrom HJ, Song J, Kraszewski AP, Hafer JF, Mootanah R, Dufour AB, et al. Foot type biomechanics part 1:
Structure and function of the asymptomatic foot. Gait Posture 2013;37(3):445-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.09.007
5. Mootanah R, Song J, Lenhoff MW, Hafer JF, Backus SI, Gagnon D, et al. Foot Type Biomechanics Part 2: Are
structure and anthropometrics related to function? Gait Posture 2013;37(3):452-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.09.008
6. Ledoux WR, Shofer JB, Smith DG, Sullivan K, Hayes SG, Assal M, et al. Relationship between foot type, foot
deformity, and ulcer occurrence in the high-risk diabetic foot. J Rehabil Res Dev 2005;42(5):665-72.
https://doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2004.11.0144
7. Jameson G, Anderson J, Davis R, Davids J, Christopher L. A comparison of methods for using center of pressure
progression in the classification of foot deformity. Gait Posture 2006;24:S83-4.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.11.059
8. Hagedorn TJ, Dufour AB, Golightly YM, Riskowski JL, Hillstrom HJ, Casey VA, et al. Factors affecting center of
pressure in older adults: the Framingham Foot Study. J Foot Ankle Res 2013;6(1):18.
https.//doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-6-18
9. Chiu M-C, Wang M-J. The effect of gait speed and gender on perceived exertion, muscle activity, joint motion of lower extremity, ground reaction force and heart rate during normal walking. Gait Posture 2007;25(3):385-92.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.05.008
10. Liu MQ, Anderson FC, Pandy MG, Delp SL. Muscles that support the body also modulate forward progression
during walking. J Biomech 2006;39(14):2623-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.08.017
11. Song J, Hillstrom HJ, Secord D, Levitt J. Foot type biomechanics. Comparison of planus and rectus foot types. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 1996;86(1):16-23. https://doi.org/10.7547/87507315-86-1-16
12. Grundy M, Tosh PA, McLeish RD, Smidt L. An investigation of the centres of pressure under the foot while
walking. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1975;57(1):98-103. PMID: 1117028
13. Coda A, Carline T, Santos D. Repeatability and reproducibility of the Tekscan HR-Walkway system in healthy
children. Foot 2014;24(2):49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2014.02.004
14. Bus SA, de Lange A. A comparison of the 1-step, 2-step, and 3-step protocols for obtaining barefoot plantar pressure data in the diabetic neuropathic foot. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2005;20(9):892-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.05.004
15. van der Leeden M, Dekker JHM, Siemonsma PC, Lek-Westerhof SS, Steultjens MPM. Reproducibility of plantar
pressure measurements in patients with chronic arthritis: a comparison of one-step, two-step, and three-step
protocols and an estimate of the number of measurements required. Foot Ankle Int 2004;25(10):739-44.
https://doi.org/10.1177/107110070402501008
16. Anderson FC, Pandy MG. Individual muscle contributions to support in normal walking. Gait Posture
2003;17(2):159-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(02)00073-5
17. Liu MQ, Anderson FC, Schwartz MH, Delp SL. Muscle contributions to support and progression over a range of walking speeds. J Biomech 2008;41(15):3243-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.07.031
18. Anderson FC, Pandy MG. Dynamic optimization of human walking. J Biomech Eng 2001;123(5):381-90.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1392310
19. Pandy MG, Lin Y-C, Kim HJ. Muscle coordination of mediolateral balance in normal walking. J Biomech
2010;43(11):2055-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.04.010
20. Winter DA. Foot trajectory in human gait: a precise and multifactorial motor control task. Phys Ther 1992;72(1):45-53; discussion 54-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/72.1.45
21. Venkadesan M, Yawar A, Eng CM, Dias MA, Singh DK, Tommasini SM, et al. Stiffness of the human foot and
evolution of the transverse arch. Nature 2020;579(7797):97-100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2053-y
22. Welte L, Kelly LA, Lichtwark GA, Rainbow MJ. Influence of the windlass mechanism on arch-spring mechanics
during dynamic foot arch deformation. J R Soc Interface [Internet] 2018;15(145). Disponible en:
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0270
23. Winter DA. Knee flexion during stance as a determinant of inefficient walking. Phys Ther 1983;63(3):331-3.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/63.3.331
24. Winter DA, Patla AE, Frank JS, Walt SE. Biomechanical walking pattern changes in the fit and healthy elderly. Phys Ther 1990;70(6):340-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/70.6.340
25. Hessert MJ, Vyas M, Leach J, Hu K, Lipsitz LA, Novak V. Foot pressure distribution during walking in young and
old adults. BMC Geriatr 2005;5:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-5-8