Tratamiento de la escoliosis neuromuscular en niños pequeños con parálisis cerebral espástica grave: revisión sistemática de la bibliografía
Resumen
Objetivo: El riesgo de desarrollar escoliosis de comienzo temprano es alto en niños con parálisis cerebral espástica, nivel IV y V del GMFCS. No hay acuerdo sobre el tratamiento para niños <5-6 años y esta revisión sistemática se centra en este tópico. Materiales y Métodos: Búsqueda en PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, BVS/BIREME, LILACS y SciELO, entre enero de 2009 y noviembre de 2020, con los descriptores: “cerebral palsy, scoliosis, early-onset, treatment”. Se eliminaron los artículos duplicados, no relacionados con la investigación, sin texto completo, con pocos pacientes con parálisis cerebral espástica, sin discriminación etiológica, sin resultados y con edad avanzada. Evaluaciones: nivel de evidencia, edad, nivel del GMFCS, tipo de deformidades, tratamientos, seguimiento, resultados y complicaciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron 10 de 6770 artículos: 8 con nivel de evidencia IV, edad: 3.2-10 años, deformidad predominante: escoliosis, seguimiento: 1.5-9.8 años. Tratamientos: barras de crecimiento tradicionales o magnéticas, fusión instrumentada precoz, yesos, ortesis y prótesis costal expandible de titanio. La fusión precoz instrumentada logra una corrección ≥75% del ángulo de Cobb; las barras de crecimiento, las ortesis o la prótesis costal expandible de titanio, el 25-50%, y los yesos solo logran mantenerla. La tasa de complicaciones es menor en los tratamientos incruentos (5,8-36%) que en los quirúrgicos (21,5-73,1%). Las tasas de complicaciones quirúrgicas y de muerte poscirugía en espásticos son mayores que en hipotónicos. Conclusiones: La cirugía no es una buena opción inicial para las escoliosis de comienzo temprano en niños pequeños con parálisis cerebral espástica, nivel IV y V del GMFCS.Descargas
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